Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants received MMA with placebo or Dinalbuphine Sebacate (DS) intramuscular injection for VATS
|  | Placebo (n = 29) | DS (N = 28) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender: M/F | 10/19 | 10/18 | 1 |
Age (y/o) | 52.8 ± 3.4 | 56.7 ± 2.7 | 0.071 |
Height (cm) | 161.8 ± 3.4 | 161.7 ± 3.2 | 0.96 |
Weight (kg) | 62.8 ± 4.9 | 62.8 ± 5.1 | 0.99 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 1. | 23.9 ± 1.6 | 0.9 |
ASA: I/II/III/IV | 0/24/5/0 | 0/22/6/0 | 0.747 |
VATS Surgical Type | |||
 - Lobectomy | 7 (24.1) | 4 (14.3) | 0.155 |
 - Segmentectomy | 7 (24.1) | 3 (10.7) | |
 - Wedge Resection | 12 (41.5) | 20 (71.4) | |
 - Others | 3 (10.3) | 1 (3.6) | |
Surgical time (min) | 149.5 ± 16.6 | 126.9 ± 21.6 | 0.094 |
Anesthesia time (min) | 199.1 ± 18.5 | 171.8 ± 23.4 | 0.066 |