Development and validation of machine learning models for predicting post-cesarean pain and individualized pain management strategies: a multicenter study

Table 2 Performance comparison of eight machine learning models

Model	Internal Validation RMSE	Internal Validation R²	External Validation RMSE	External Validation R²
Linear Regression	18.5	0.25	19.1	0.22
Decision Tree	16.8	0.31	17.2	0.28
Random Forest	15.2	0.35	15.8	0.32
K-Nearest Neighbors	17.1	0.29	17.5	0.26
Support Vector Regression	16.5	0.33	16.9	0.30
Stochastic Gradient Boosting	14.8	0.37	15.2	0.34
Neural Network	14.2	0.38	14.6	0.36
XGBoost	12.35	0.45	13.87	0.41

ISSN: 1471-2253