Fig. 2

Summary of the effects of the two challenges, namely the Valsalva maneuver (VM) and the deep breathing challenge (DB) on the hemodynamic parameters of the study sample. The variables displayed on the graph are the percentage of change from the baseline values; the black squares represent the mean value, and the whiskers represent the 95% confidence interval (CI) limits. When the null value is out of CI limits, this corresponds to a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to baseline; when the respective CI limits of the variable for each challenge do not overlap, this corresponds to a significant difference between the two challenges. Those significances are without Bonferroni’s correction. The aggregated data are detailed in the Supplementary Table 1