Table 3 Summary of cases with thyroid storm in the perioperative period of nonthyroidal surgery
Case | Number | Age | Sex | Surgical type | Diagnosis(yes/no/missed*) | Precipitating factors | Onset time of TS | Clinical presentation | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prognosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hiranuma 2023 [21] | 1 | 73 | M | Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation, ileocecal resection | Yes | Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia, surgery | Post- | Delirium, fever, atrial fibrillation, abdominal pain | Hormone tests, Burch and Wartofsky score | Thiamazole, supportive care | Relieved |
Hu 2022 [20] | 1 | 11 | M | Right femur fracture surgery | Yes | Significant perioperative blood loss, platelet dysfunction | Post- | Dizziness, nausea, vomit, fever, tachycardia | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Propranolol, hydrocortisone, potassium iodine, propylthiouracil | Relieved |
Baik 2022 [19] | 1 | 48 | M | Distal gastrectomy | Yes | Discontinuation of antithyroid drugs | Post- | Tachycardia, fever, irritability | Hormone tests, Burch and Wartofsky score | Propylthiouracil, glucocorticoids, acetaminophen, Lugol’s solution | Relieved |
Yamazaki 2021 [18] | 1 | 40 | M | Mitral valve repair | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery | Post- | Tachycardia, high fever, hyperbilirubinemia, diarrhea, heart failure, delirium | Hormone tests, Burch and Wartofsky score | Lugol’s iodine, thiamazole, steroid | Relieved |
Iwahara 2021 [17] | 1 | 76 | M | Radical nephrectomy | No | Axitinib administration | Post- | Tachycardia, fever, heart failure, impaired consciousness, respiratory failure | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Aprindine, verapamil, antibiotics, hydrocortisone, inorganic iodide, hemodiafiltration | Relieved |
Hodgson 2021 [16] | 1 | 49 | F | Dilation and curettage | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery | Post- | Tachycardia, cyanosis, dyspnea, hypoxia, confusion, hypertension | Hormone tests, Burch and Wartofsky score | Esmolol, propylthiouracil, hydrocortisone, propranolol, iodine solution, cholestyramine | Relieved |
Lee 2020 [15] | 1 | 74 | F | CABG | Yes | Discontinuation of antithyroid drugs | Post- | Tachycardia | Hormone tests, Burch and Wartofsky score | Esmolol, antithyroid medication, cortisol, antibiotics | Died |
Zhang 2018 [14] | 1 | 32 | F | Huge pelvic mass resection | Yes | Surgery | Intra- | Tachycardia | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Neostigmine, esmolol, propylthiouracil, hydrocortisone | Relieved |
Shoja 2018 [13] | 1 | 30 | F | Thymectomy | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery, exposure to the iodinated contrast | Post- | Fever, tachycardia, respiratory failure, agitation, tremor | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | propylthiouracil, potassium iodide oral solution, systemic steroid, esmolol | Relieved |
Sugiyama 2017 [12] | 1 | 36 | F | Cesarean section | Yes | Infection | Pre- | Tachycardia, dyspnea, agitation, hypoxia, heart failure, fever | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Furosemide, methimazole | Relieved |
Fuji 2016 [11] | 1 | 43 | F | Intracranial surgery | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, severe medical stress, surgery | Post- | Disturbed consciousness, hypertension, tachycardia | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Unclear | Relieved |
Huzurbazar 2014 [10] | 1 | 21 | F | Cervical surgery | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, thyroid gland retracted during surgery | Post- | Hyperpyrexia, restlessness, hypotension, tachycardia, hypoxia, coma | Burch and Wartofsky score | Supportive therapy, antiadrenergic drugs, corticosteroids, neomercazole | Relieved |
Liang 2012 [9] | 1 | 64 | F | Esophagectomy | Yes | Surgery | Post- | Palpitations, abdominal pain, fever, tachycardia | Burch and Wartofsky score | Propylthiouracil, metoprolol tartrate, hydrocortisone | Relieved |
Bish 2010 [8] | 1 | 45 | F | Urgent CABG | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery | Post- | Hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, depressed mental status, jaundice, high-output cardiac failure | Hormone tests, Burch and Wartofsky score | Potassium iodide, methimazole, hydrocortisone | Relieved |
Tamada 2009 [7] | 1 | 35 | M | Multiple bone fractures | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery | Pre- | Tachycardia | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Landiolol | Relieved |
Morrison 2007 [6] | 1 | 5 | M | Myringotomy with tympanostomy tube placement, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery, multiple palpations of the thyroid | Intra- | Tachycardia, hypertension, hyperpyrexia | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Labetalol, propylthiouracil | Relieved |
Lee 2007 [5] | 1 | 47 | F | CABG | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery | Post- | Tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, coma | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Propylthiouracil, Lugol’s solution, propranolol | Relieved |
Nakamura 2005 [4] | 1 | 30 | M | Tympanoplasty | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, surgery | Intra- | Tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, agitation | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Supportive therapy, verapamil, thiamazole, propranolol | Relieved |
Hirvonen 2004 [3] | 1 | 53 | F | Mastectomy | No | Underdiagnosed before surgery, emotional stress | Pre- | Tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, coma, apnea | Clinical presentation and hormone tests | Hydrocortisone, beta-blockers, amlodipine, benzodiazepine, antithyroid medication | Relieved |