Figure 1

Daphnia immobility dose responses of midazolam and midazolam + flumazenil (Panel A), pentobarbital and ketamine (Panel B). 20 daphnids were treated with midazolam, midazolam + flumazenil, pentobarbital and ketamine at series of concentrations. The numbers of immobilized daphnids were observed 4 hours after each treatment. The immobile ratio were presented as means ± SE (n = 3).